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| 1071 |
| | The Seljuk Turks and the Byzantines meet in battle at Manzikert, with victory going to the Turks | |
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| 1099 |
| | Konya, in central Turkey, becomes the capital of the Seljuk Turks, who call themselves sultans of Rum | |
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| 1211 |
| | The leader of a Turkish army establishes an independent sultanate in Delhi, beginning many centuries of Muslim rule in north India | |
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| c. 1285 |
| | Osman inherits the leadership of the tribal group later known by a version of his name, as the Ottoman Turks | |
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| 1347 |
| | Turkish tribes, besieging Genoese merchants in Caffa, lob the corpses of plague victims over the town walls and thus spread the Black Death | |
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| 1354 |
| | Gallipoli is taken by the Ottoman Turks, giving them their first foothold in Europe | |
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| 1389 |
| | Victory at Kosovo gives the Ottoman Turks control over Serbia, which becomes a vassal state | |
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| 1393 |
| | The Ottoman sultan Bayazid I brings the Slav kingdom of Bulgaria under his control | |
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| 1402 |
| | The Ottoman sultan Bayazid is defeated and captured near Ankara by Timur, who keeps the sultan in captivity until his death the following year | |
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| 1443 |
| | Skanderbeg, Albania's national hero, begins his long campaign of successes against the Turks | |
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